Minggu, 08 Mei 2011
Classification and morphologySalmonella sp. is the kingdom Bacteria,
phylum Proteobacteria,
Salmonella sp. The first was found (observed) in patients with typhoid fever in 1880 by Eberth and justified by the Robert Koch in the cultivation of bacteria in 1881 (Todar, 2008). Salmonella sp. is a bacterial form of rod, on gram staining pink (gram negative). Salmonella sp. size of 2 μ to 4 μ × 0, 6 μ, has a flagellum (excluding S. gallinarum and S. pullorum), and not berspora (Julius, 1990). Habitat Salmonella sp. is in the digestive tract (small intestine) of humans and animals. The optimum temperature growth of Salmonella sp. is 37oC and at pH 6-8 (Julius, 1990).In the Kauffman and White scheme nomenclature of Salmonella sp. are regrouped based on the antigen or the DNA of enteric group I, II salamae, arizonae IIIa, IIIB houtenae, IV diarizonae, bongori V, and VI indica. Salmonella sp DNA base composition is 50-52 mol% G + C, similar to the Escherichia, Shigella, and Citrobacter (Todar, 2008). But the classification or use of nomenclature that is often used on Salmonella sp. based on epidemiology, host type, and type of antigen structure (eg S.typhi, S. thipirium). Type or species of Salmonella sp. the main thing is S. typhi (one serotype), S. choleraesuis, and S. enteritidis (more than 1500 serotypes). Sedangkang species S. paratyphi A, S. paratyphi B, S. included in S. paratyphi C enteritidis (Jawezt et al, 2004).Figure 1 morphology Sallmonella sp. :
(Jawezt et al, 2004)
Antigen Structure
Salmonella sp. has three main kinds of antigens for diagnostic or identify which are: somatic antigen (O), flagella antigen (H) and Vi antigen (kasul) (Todar, 2008). O antigen (Cell Wall antigens) is a phospholipid protein complex heat-resistant polysaccharide (thermostable), and acid alcohol (Julius, 1990). The antibodies formed are IgM (Karsinah et al, 1994). But O is less immunogenic antigens and agglutination was slow (Julius, 1990). So not good for serologic antigen because there are 67 factors, each species has a number of factors (Todar, 2008). Therefore O antibody titer after infection was lower than in antibody H (Julius, 1990).H antigen in Salmonella sp. divided in 2 phases ie Phase I: Specific and phase II: non-specific. H antigens are proteins that are not heat resistant (thermolabile), can be destroyed by heating above 60 º C and acid alcohol (Karsinah et al, 1994). H highly immunogenic antigen and IgG antibodies are formed (Julius, 1990). While the Vi antigen is a polymer of an acidic polysaccharide. There is a section outside of the body most germs bersifai thermolabile. Can be destroyed by heating 60 ° C for 1 hour. Germs that have to be virulens Vi antigen in animals and mausia. Vi antigen also determines the sensitivity to bakteriofaga and in the laboratory are very useful for rapid diagnosis of germ S. typhi (Karsinah et al, 1994). The existence of Vi antigen indicates the individual is a carrier of germs (carrier) (Julius, 1990).
Biochemical propertiesSalmonella sp. are aerobic and anaerobic falkultatif, the growth of Salmonella sp. at 37 ° C and at pH 6-8. Salmonella sp. have a flagellum so on motility test result is positive, the BAP media (Blood To Plate) cause hemolysis. On MC media (Mac Conkay) did not ferment lactose or called Non Lactose fermenter (NLF), but Salmonella sp. ferment glucose, mannitol and maltose with acid and gas formation, except S. typhi is not menghasikkan gas. Then the media indole negative, MR positive, negative Vp and citrate positive possibilities. Not menghidrolisiskan urea and produce H2S (Julius, 1990).
PathogenicitySalmonellosis is a term that indicates an infection of Salmonella sp. Clinical manifestations of Salmonellosis in humans there are 4 syndromes are:
1. Gastroenteritis or food poisoning is an intestinal infection and toxin was not found previously (Karsinah et al, 1994). Happen by swallowing contaminated food with Salmonella sp. such as meat and eggs (Julius, 1990). Incubation period of 8-48 hours, the symptoms are nausea, headache, vomiting, severe diarrhea, and there is blood in the stool. Mild fever that will recover within 2-3 days. Bacteremia is rare in patients (2-4%) except in patients who lack immune (Jawezt et al, 2004).
2. Typhoid fever caused by S. typhi, and paratyphoid fever caused by S paratyphi A, B, and C. Germs that enter through the mouth into the stomach to reach the small intestine, and then to lymph nodes. Then enter the ductus thoracicus. Then the bacteria enter the blood stream (bacterimia) symptoms develop and up to the liver, spleen, bone marrow, kidney and others. Furthermore, in these organs Samonella sp. breed (Julius, 1990).
3. Bacteremia (septikimia) can be found in typhoid fever and non-typhi Salmonella infection. The presence of Salmonella in the blood at high risk of infection. Prominent symptom is hot and intermittent bacteremia (Karsinah et al, 1994). And local abnormalities arise in the body such as osteomyelitis, pneumonia, lung abscess, meningitis and others. This disease does not attack the intestines and stool culture negative (Julius, 1990).
4. Asomatik carrier that is all individuals infected with Salmonella sp. will islets germs in the feces for long periods of varying called convalesent carrier, if the patient is no longer 2-3 months islets Salmonella. And if in 1 year the patient was still islets of Salmonella called chronic carriers (Karsinah et al, 1994).
1. What is cervical cancer?
Cervical cancer or cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cervical region. Namely, the uterus located at the bottom, which opens to the vagina. Starting from the cervix, if it has entered the later stages, this cancer can spread to other organs throughout the body.
2. How dangerous is cervical cancer?
World Health Organization (WHO) said the current cervical cancer is ranked top among the various types of cancer that causes death in women in the world. In Indonesia, every year more than 15,000 detected cases of cervical cancer, and approximately 8000 cases of which ended with the death. According to WHO, Indonesia is a country with the number of patients with cervical cancer is highest in the world. Why be so dangerous? Because cervical cancer appeared as enemies in a blanket. It is difficult to detect until the disease has reached an advanced stage.
3. What causes cervical cancer?
Cervical cancer is caused by HPV (Human Papilloma Virus). This virus has more than 100 types, where most of them are harmless and will disappear by itself. HPV virus types that cause cervical cancer and the most fatal consequence is the HPV virus types 16 and 18. However, other than caused by the HPV virus, abnormal cells on the cervix can also grow due to radiation exposure or contamination of chemicals that occur in the long term.
4. How does cervical cancer spread?
Transmission of HPV virus can occur through sexual intercourse, especially with multiple partners. Transmission of the virus can occur either by transmission through the genital organs to the genital organs, oral to genital, or manually to the genitals. Therefore, the use of condoms during intercourse does not significantly prevent transmission of HPV virus. For, not only transmitted through the fluid, the virus can move through the touch of skin.
5. What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?
In the early stages, this disease does not cause symptoms that are easily observed. That's why, you are already sexually active highly recommended to do pap smear test every two years. Physical symptoms of this disease are generally only felt by patients with advanced cancer. Namely, the emergence of pain and bleeding during intercourse (contact bleeding), excessive vaginal discharge and abnormal bleeding outside the menstrual cycle and drastic weight loss. If the cancer has spread to the pelvis, then the patient will suffer from back pain complaints, the obstacles in urination, and kidney enlargement.
6. How long a period of growth of cervical cancer?
Preinvasif period (growth of abnormal cells before they become malignant) disease is quite long, so people who managed to detect it early on to perform various steps to overcome them. Infection settling will cause abnormal cell growth that could eventually lead to cancer development. These developments take between 5-20 years, starting from the stage of infection, pre-cancerous lesions to be positive cervical cancer.
7. Is it true that smokers' risk of contracting cervical cancer?
There are many studies that the relationship between cigarette smoking with increased risk of someone contracting cervical cancer. One is the research conducted at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden and published in the British Journal of Cancer in 2001. According Joakam Dillner, MD, researcher who led the research, nicotine substance as well as "poison" the other into the blood through the cigarette smoke can increase the likelihood of the condition of cervical neoplasia or abnormal growth of cells in the uterus. "Cervical neoplasia is the initial conditions of developing cervical cancer in a person's body," he said.
8. Besides, who else is at risk of cervical cancer?
Women are prone to cervical cancer are those aged between 35-50 years, especially you who have been sexually active before age 16 years. Sexual intercourse at early age can increase the risk of cervical cancer by 2 times compared to women who had sexual intercourse after the age of 20 years. Cervical cancer is also associated with the number of sexual partners. The more sexual partners you have, hence increasing the risk of cervical cancer. Just as the number of sexual partners, number of pregnancies that have also experienced increased risk of cervical cancer.
You are infected with HIV and who otherwise had an abnormal pap smear test results, as well as malnutrition, are also at risk for infection with HPV virus. In you are on a strict diet, low consumption of vitamin A, C, and E each day can cause a reduction in the level of immunity in the body, so you can easily become infected.
9. How do I detect cervical cancer?
A Pap smear is a standard examination method to detect cervical cancer. However, the pap smear is not the only ways you can do to detect this disease. There is also the type of inspection using acetic acid (vinegar), which is relatively easier and cheaper to do. If you want a more accurate result, there is now the latest examination techniques for early detection of cervical cancer, a technology called Hybrid Capture System II (HCII).
10. Can cervical cancer be prevented?
Although ranked highest among the various types of cancer that causes death, cervical cancer is the only species that have been known to cause cancer. Therefore, prevention efforts were highly likely to be done. By not having sex with a partner changing, diligently doing pap smears every two years for those already sexually active, maintain a healthy body, and make HPV vaccination for those who have never had contact sexually.
11. Should take HPV vaccination for cervical cancer?
In mid-2006 have been circulating vaccine preventing infection with HPV types 16 and 18 which cause cervical cancer. The vaccine works by increasing the body's immune and catch the virus before it enters cervical cells. In addition to fortify from cervical cancer, this vaccine is also working to protect women from the threat of multiple HPV types 6 and 11 that cause genital warts.
What needs to be emphasized is that the vaccination is only effective when given to girls aged 9 to 26 years who has not been sexually active. The vaccine is given as much as 3 times within a certain period. With vaccination, the risk of cervical cancer can be decreased to 75%. There is good news, starting this year the price of the vaccine which was originally Rp 1,300,000, - once a syringe to Rp 700,000, - once a syringe.
12. Is this cervical cancer vaccine has side effects?
This vaccine has been tested on thousands of women worldwide. The results showed no harmful side effects. Side effects The most frequent complaints are fever and redness, pain, and swelling at the injection site. Side effects other frequently encountered are bleeding and itching at the injection site. The vaccine itself is not recommended for pregnant women. However, nursing mothers should receive this vaccine.
13. If already infected with cervical cancer, can be cured?
Since not complain about any symptoms, cervical cancer patients usually come to the hospital when the disease has reached stage 3. The problem is that cervical cancer has reached stage 2 to stage 4 have resulted in damage to body organs, such as bladder, kidney, and others. Therefore, surgical removal of the uterus alone is not enough to make the patient recover as usual. In addition to surgery, patients still have to obtain additional therapy, such as radiation and chemotherapy. Such a move is even unable to guarantee 100% of patients experienced healing.
Sabtu, 30 April 2011
Dalam kehidupan para remaja sering kali diselingi hal hal yang negative dalam rangka penyesuaian dengan lingkungan sekitar baik lingkungan dengan teman temannya di sekolah maupun lingkungan pada saat dia di rumah. Hal hal tersebut dapat berbentuk positif hingga negative yang serng kita sebut dengan kenakalan remaja. Kenakalan remaja itu sendiri merupakan perbuatan pelanggaran norma-norma baik norma hukum maupun norma sosial. Sedangkan Pengertian kenakalan remaja Menurut Paul Moedikdo,SH adalah :
- Semua perbuatan yang dari orang dewasa merupakan suatu kejahatan bagi anak-anak merupakan kenakalan jadi semua yang dilarang oleh hukum pidana, seperti mencuri, menganiaya dan sebagainya.
- Semua perbuatan penyelewengan dari norma kelompok tertentu untuk menimbulkan keonaran dalam masyarakat.
- Semua perbuatan yang menunjukkan kebutuhan perlindungan bagi sosial.
kepada kenakalan remaja :
- Anak-anak yang tidak disukai oleh teman-temannya sehingga anak tersebut menyendiri. Anak yang demikian akan dapat menyebabkan kegoncangan emosi.
- Anak-anak yang sering menghindarkan diri dari tanggung jawab di rumah atau di sekolah. Menghindarkan diri dari tanggung jawab biasanya karena anak tidak menyukai pekerjaan yang ditugaskan pada mereka sehingga mereka menjauhkan diri dari padanya dan mencari kesibukan-kesibukan lain yang tidak terbimbing.
- Anak-anak yang sering mengeluh dalam arti bahwa mereka mengalami masalah yang oleh dia sendiri tidak sanggup mencari permasalahannya. Anak seperti ini sering terbawa kepada kegoncangan emosi.
- Anak-anak yang mengalami phobia dan gelisah dalam melewati batas yang berbeda dengan ketakutan anal-anak normal.
- Anak-anak yang suka berbohong.
- Anak-anak yang suka menyakiti atau mengganggu teman-temannya di sekolah atau di rumah.
- Anak-anak yang menyangka bahwa semua guru mereka bersikap tidak baik terhadap mereka dan sengaja menghambat mereka.
- Anak-anak yang tidak sanggup memusatkan perhatian.
Dengan sedikit pengertian kenalan remaja diatas membuat kita akan lebih mengerti akan sikap dan perilaku remaja kita apakah baik baik saja ataukah sudah mengarah pada suatu kenakalan remaja.
Rabu, 20 April 2011
Sebelum kau pergi jauh dariku
Dengarlah isi hatiku tentang dirimu
Yang selalu ku cinta
Dan yang selalu kurindukan
Maafkanlah semua kesalahanku
Ku buat kau menangis
Pergi dan berlalu meninggalkan diriku
Dan takkan pernah kembali
Dan akhirnya kesendirian hatiku
Menyadarkan diriku bahwa engkaulah penguasa hatiku
Engkaulah cinta sejati dalam hidupku
Kaulah yang terakhir yang selalu ku nanti
Sampai akhir nanti…
Dan kaulah satu-satunya yang selalu kurindukan
Meghiasi ruangan hatiku sampai akhir nanti
Dan akhirnya kesendirian hatiku
Menyadarkan diriku bahwa engkaulah penguasa hatiku
Engkaulah cinta sejati dalam hidupku
Kaulah yang terakhir yang selalu ku nanti
Sampai akhir nanti…
Dan kaulah satu-satunya yang selalu kurindukan
Meghiasi ruangan hatiku sampai akhir nanti
Akhir nanti..
